Thursday, October 14, 2010

Pay up to see three major areas of someone's fastest



Despite the stock market this year, the fiery, but if you're in a hot sector pay soared, revenue growth as people envious heart. So, the fastest salary increase in 2007 which industry do? ChinaHR recently released survey, three areas of the industry pay up to ten.

High-tech areas:

Internet pay increase outperform CPI personnel under ChinaHR salary survey research center, the Internet industry, the average salary increase rate of over 6% this year to beat the CPI.

Internet industry revenue is "wealth gap" relatively large industry, salary from one or two thousand to ten thousand dollars on the key to the engaged position. In general, technical support, research and development, sales, marketing, department manager and front office and other key positions relatively high income, annual income can reach 40 thousand to 200 thousand yuan.

Computer software industry is second only to the Internet, e-commerce industry, job hot industry. Recruitment from the 2007 opinion, software engineers, software test engineers, network system engineers, consulting engineers have many positions, talents in demand. In particular, the software test engineers, many of them enjoy high status and salaries of two-treatment. In the software industry, with more than 3,000 yuan monthly wage of workers account for nearly 50%.

Communications industry is also a talent needs "big", especially the future of communications equipment manufacturing industry demand for talent, mainly concentrated in the rich experience, high academic qualifications and innovative talents on. In addition, technical knowledge with communication industry, but also has excellent market research and marketing skills of sales personnel are also popular. According to ChinaHR pay survey: in Beijing with 2-3 years experience in research and development work in charge, senior research engineer salary at between 40,000 to 150,000 yuan, the median level of 8 million; sales revenue and R & D Manager Similarly, the annual salary at between 40,000 to 160,000 yuan, but the median was slightly higher, at 10 million.

In addition, the electronic micro-electronics industry needs a continuous upward trend of talent, starting bachelor degree or above most of 2000 to 4,000 yuan, most of the work of one or two years in pay rise, from 20% to 50%. With 4 years experience, revenue doubled, up to 1 million.

Service areas:

Professional consulting industry prospects

Professional consulting services in the field of industry prospects, market demand is very large, while wages have gone up. Professional services, mainly referring to businesses or individuals to provide consulting, accounting, legal aspects of professional services, well-paid practitioners. According to ChinaHR statistics, in Beijing area the size of the private consultants has annual revenues of between 3 to 150,000 yuan, Senior Consultant, is to achieve annual revenue from 150,000 to 500,000 yuan.

Hot investment market, with the fire of the securities investment industry demand for qualified personnel. At present China's securities industry to take professional qualification certification system, to work in the securities industry must have a dual license, which permits practitioners and practice evidence. It is understood that the securities industry, the average annual income of about 5 million per, of course, such as investment, fund the project manager, senior financial consultants, high-end jobs pay up to one million yuan.

According to "network of excellence hunting," Statistics show that among the major cultural media companies intensified competition for high-end professionals, such as the senior editorial staff, professional publishers, distribution experts, high-level creative design talent, producing high levels of advertising talent and planning talents. As the media industry, supply exceeds demand year after year, the average starting salary is significantly diminished. However, this does not affect the media industry veterans, income level, the more large-scale media enterprises, with some experience, but also no shortage of innovative talents, out of more competitive salaries. Conservative estimates, the industry median level of pay from 4000 to 8000 yuan.

Based industries:

Technical personnel is more popular in

In the basic fields, if have the technology, talent market is definitely the "hot demand", of course, pay levels are naturally superior to others, such as mechanical (equipment) manufacturing industry is one of the industries supported by the state, now common all jobs media, mainly equipment engineers, mechanical engineers, mechanical designers and project leader positions. The industry average annual pay level will reach 100 thousand yuan or more.

In the real estate industry, the more scarce is the compound talents. Experienced real estate (development, construction and engineering) the average annual salary of up to 100,000 yuan architects, experienced real estate sales manager of up to 10 million (excluding commission).

Import and export trade is a traditional industry, but now the focus of foreign trade gradually to the high-tech, high value-added areas of expansion. Many SMEs need foreign talent to develop the international market, greater opportunities for promotion, so vision can not only stare at the large enterprises. Foreign trade lower starting salary. But the accumulated experience and master the external communication skills, increase revenue quickly. Experts conservatively estimate that the median annual salary in the industry in the 50,000 to 90,000 yuan.







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Monday, October 11, 2010

Acer denied the acquisition of Gateway


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銆??瀹濇潵璇佸埜鍒嗘瀽甯堟灄缇庡姝ゅ墠鏇捐〃绀猴細鈥滃畯纰佸湪缇庡浗鍜屾棩鏈競鍦虹浉瀵硅杽寮憋紝鍥犳锛屽畯纰佸緢鍙兘骞惰喘Gateway鎴栧瘜澹?銆傛涓句笌瀹忕鐨勬暣浣撴垬鐣ヤ簰琛ャ?鈥?br />
銆??浠婂勾3鏈?2鏃ワ紝銆婂崕灏旇鏃ユ姤銆嬬巼鍏堟姤閬擄紝绉板畯纰佷粖骞磋鍒掑苟璐竴瀹禤C鍘傚晢锛岃?鐩墠姝e湪瀵绘壘娼滃湪鐩爣銆?闅忓悗鏈夋秷鎭О锛屽畯纰佸彲鑳藉苟璐璆ateway銆?鏈?1鏃ワ紝Gateway鍙戣█浜篋avid Hallisey瀵规缁欎簣浜嗗惁璁わ紝绉板苟鏈笌瀹忕鍟嗚骞惰喘浜嬪疁銆?br />






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Saturday, September 25, 2010

RUP tailoring principles and cutting process


RUP or Rational Unified Process, is a Rational software process developed products. The Unified Software Development Process also refers to the RUP, but removed the previous company name. This paper uses "Unified Process" and "RUP" as its full name and abbreviation.
I know on the current domestic industry are concerned about the issue: RUP tailoring principle of what is, is there any engineering of the RUP tailoring process. This article will discuss the above two issues. This view from personal experience that many, something has gone wrong, please treatise.
The first part of the tailoring principle RUP
First introduced the "software process is software," the well-known principle, and then specify the RUP tailoring principle is: the development of software process re-engineering.
First, the software process is software
Software Engineering Masters Osterweil in their paper "Software Processes are Software Too" in a strategically advantageous position to point out: the software process is software. Software has a development process, software process also has a development process; software development output software products, software production process of product development process; software development can be an evolutionary process, the software development process can also be an evolutionary process.
1. The software development process is a process
Software process is captured through the demand analysis, design, implementation, and testing activities, developed only. Discussed only briefly below. Software process development, the demand is the use of the software process, what is the purpose (high demand), which should be used to guide activities (demand); analysis and design means that the convergence between the activities and even parallel, the activities of output What products; implementation means that the process of documenting the software equivalent of software development coding; software development process is also testing, but in the mind run, and run twice higher-level instruction by using the brain is the acceptance testing.
Further, not only the development process, software process, and a complete software process life cycle. Because the software came out in the development process, there are delivered to maintain the process of upgrading until abandoned. Delivery is to implement software process, to guide the development of software projects. If the use of the software process and found wrong with the (bug, take corrective maintenance) or gaps (new requirements, scalability required maintenance), the original software process can be modified or enhanced. When the upgrade of its revised guidance also does not meet the needs of development, will be relegated to the end of the software life cycle process. Insert a way, the current is extremely strong in the CMM, "Software Process Framework and standards", as how to understand. From the "software process is software" point of view, CMM is the nature of the demand for software process development and testing program: CMM for each "critical practice" is a demand for software process development; As for the "key process areas" and " Key Practice Class ", from the perspective of the level of demand (see Wiegers landing Lina translation" software requirements "of the book), respectively, as" business needs "and" user needs "; CMM questionnaires, each question is testing the program one by one test case, test plan is developed in accordance with demand, CMM requirements and testing solutions to combo up. "CMM is the evolution of software process framework" is not difficult from a "software process is software" to find a sharp understanding of the perspective, that is: CMM process for all software development needs, based on the importance and interdependence, division of the priority , then the priority will be based on demand requirements divided into five groups, namely the initial level, repeatable level, defined level, management level and optimization of quantitative level.
2. Software process development process of product output
Software development software products output is a collection of procedures and documentation, then the output of the process of the development process of products like? Process finished form from there is some documentation. Products through the review process is institutionalized standardization documents, these documents to guide and constrain the software development process.
Process products must have four elements: feature elements (ie activity), behavioral factors (ie, through the dependence between the activities associated with the activity model constitutes, in fact, the classical development model of Figure Four basic models are the activities), organizational factors (ie, and correlation between the activities), information elements (ie products).
Look at RUP, the process of product is some documentation, a total of thousands of pages, are organized into a knowledge base online query. We look at its core concepts: roles, activities, work flow and work piece, did not leave the four elements with scope: the role of the people (of duty), parts or products, workflow involves the role, activities and artifacts of the model.
3. The software development process can also be an evolutionary process
To further prove that the software development and software development process of the similarity, we chose a very popular "evolution" concept to examine both. Evolution of development in the RUP called incremental development is the first step after step in the development of semi-finished products developed based on. Software developed by evolution, generally known as "fountain model." The software development process can also be used evolutionary development, especially the development of software process for large projects, due to software process complex enough, the evolution of development is necessary.
2, RUP tailoring principle
Explain the concept of re-engineering first, and then note that a re-engineering tailored RUP.
1. The concept of re-engineering
Re-engineering (reengineering) of existing software systems re-development process, including reverse engineering, new construction needs to consider and forward three steps.
2. RUP tailoring the software development process re-engineering
Since the "software process is software", then the process re-engineering concepts to software development also apply. RUP tailoring the story can say this: Rational has developed a RUP; we want to tailor RUP for a software project after, so we get on the RUP to reverse-engineering "RUP development needs" and "RUP design" and the document ; then consider our software projects are "demand for a software project software process"; Finally, compare the two requirements, draw "RUP design", software process engineering are being developed, "a software project software development process" .
Yes, "RUP tailoring the software development process re-engineering" point of view is indeed very instructive for us to develop the process engineering of the RUP tailoring and lay a solid theoretical basis.
The second part of RUP to reverse engineering
According to "RUP tailoring the software development process re-engineering" point of view, RUP tailoring of the RUP into reverse engineering, software process to consider the needs and process development of new works three steps forward. However, reverse engineering RUP only once, after the RUP tailoring process can be reused. Therefore, the author of "reverse engineering on the RUP" from the "project of the RUP tailoring process" discussed separately.
In addition, this article does not intend to elaborate on the process of reverse engineering project, it would be very large and very theorized. This approach is the reverse engineering process are listed in a subset of the output of products and each product's contents relate only to the core subset.
In fact, if not from a theoretical point of view, reverse engineering on the RUP is actually a process of understanding of RUP (RUP does not understand with no way to cut), therefore, the following description of the author of the RUP is a point to understand, initiate Please treatise.
First, demand
Rational RUP in the development of a master who needs time to capture first, they certainly capture the demand and ultimately, the following:
鈼?RUP will be a process generic enough products, cut right after the RUP should be suitable for most projects. (Functional requirements)
鈼?Using RUP as a development process, develop risk to be minimized. (Non-functional requirements)
Second, analysis
Next, the analysis would have been something like this:
鈼?development process by a variety of "activities" component.
鈼?Each "event" to produce different "products" may also be a variety of "activities" to produce a "product."
鈼?activities are business modeling, requirements analysis and design, implementation, testing, implementation, configuration and change management, project management and the environment. (RUP's nine core workflow)
鈼?products are: use case model, analysis model, design model, source code and test reports.
鈼?activities can contain sub-activities, sub-parallel between the activities can be, simply renamed the activities of the workflow, handle events renamed activities.
鈼?"products" can be finished or semi-finished products for the evolution, we simply finished and semi-finished products are called "artifacts."
Third, design
Next to design, would have been something like this:
鈼?In order to meet the universal requirements: Generalization of object-oriented thinking of reference (ie, parameterized or template), RUP framework only and has nothing to do specific projects.
鈼?In order to minimize the risk to meet the demand: the introduction of the concept stage and the iterative development model, to give developers enough opportunity cost too much to give up or adjustment prior to development.
Fourth, to achieve
RUP's goal that we all see, is that you can query the knowledge base online content is very rich.
The third part of the project-oriented tailoring process RUP
In RUP was reverse engineering, and better understanding of the RUP, the need for the two steps are the core of the process of tailoring RUP, this section presents a project-oriented solutions. First of all, to discuss the needs of the software engineering process development; and then discuss the positive development of the software engineering process, that is five steps; Finally, given a few instructions on the five steps, highlighting the five-step method is how to reduce the complexity of tailoring RUP nature. The following set engineered to RUP tailoring process, not universal, but it does have some versatility.
First, the software requirements engineering process development
Here, the demand for software process development projects can draw on the needs of software development projects, including the requirements capture, requirements analysis, writing requirements documents and needs assessment.
1. Requirements Capture
First of all, a clear project environment, then all involved personnel to the project to gather information. Project environment, including software type, software size, software, importance, quality developers, co-operation with the quality of those factors will influence future software development process. Project personnel involved, including users, developers, contracts and tenders and so on to determine, collect from them the requirements of the software process.
2. Needs Analysis
Research collected the requirements of the demand for the formation of coherent statements.
3. Preparation of requirements documents
The demand for structured presentation documented.
4. SRR
Organization from the top leadership, developers and others to participate in the assessment. If the assessment has not been adopted, according to the specific situation from the above three steps back one step in the beginning, until the review through.
Second, the software engineering process development forward
A "five-step method." On the one hand, five-step method retains excellent RUP concepts, such as phase, iteration, workflow, artifacts and roles. On the other hand, five-step method using a number of RUP tailored to reduce the complexity of the strategy behind "five steps of the points that" there are about.
1. Determine what the project needs of the software workflow process
The size of the project different, RUP's nine workflow is not always necessary; other embedded software programs generally do not need business modeling workflow. Although workflow can contain parallel execution of activities, but this stage does not care about these, but only to the workflow as black box, that devolved into a workflow activity.
2. To determine which parts of each work out abortion
Because many developers or traditional forms of document review, therefore, may provide abortion work out a traditional document.
3. Determine the stage of evolution between
RUP development process will be divided into four stages (initial stage, the refinement stage, construction stage and transfer stage) is a good way to control risk, is to determine the stage of evolution between the principle of risk control, the decision to each stage Some work on which the flow, each workflow execution to what extent, output artifacts which, to what extent the completion of each job.
4. Determine the stage of the iterative scheme
RUP iteration is a great emphasis on the concept, you can further reduce development risk, the RUP's four stages (three stages in the post-iteration is more common), the decision whether to adopt iterative development, the development of the content of each iteration What.
5. Planning the internal structure of the workflow
Workflow is not the simple accumulation of activities, workflow related to the role, activities and artifacts, and workflow and project size and complexity of the role of the number of such causes. Therefore, we should first decide which of the software process to establish the role; If the second step in the introduction of the traditional documents, but also the traditional document mapped to RUP artifacts; Finally, the internal structure of the workflow planning, usually in the form of activity diagram to out.
If you want to get through the RUP tailoring the software process more complicated, no doubt cut this step is the difficulty.
3, five steps of a few instructions
1. To determine the timing of the software process
In practice, the process of determining the timing of the software is not static. For example, if the new project and the project team previously developed for a project very similar, we can determine the software before the development begins with a software process; If you are not familiar with the project, it is possible in the initial stages can only be determined after the completion of or modify the software process to be used; If the project has many unknown factors, iteration plan to defer to the stage before the start of better workflow planning is also delayed. 2. Five steps after such former Lean fat
Five steps in five steps, three steps before people feel very "thin", then two steps more "fat", which is Why? In fact, the iterative scheme and the role of the establishment have been delayed in order to simplify the software development process. Software development process there are two schools: an activity center and to the role as the center. The RUP workflow is the core concept of the role and activities of both, through appropriate to postpone planning workflow, can be simplified to RUP tailoring. Five-step method is such a tailored RUP process: it is an activity center, it's the first step is to identify activities; and its role in the establishment postponed until the end, not only reduces the complexity of tailoring RUP, but also to retain the work flow advantages.
3. RUP artifacts of traditional documents and correspondence
Between traditional documents and RUP artifacts, and sometimes there is a certain relationship, and often one to many relationship. Therefore, the second step can be five-step method with traditional documentation, not only idiomatic, but also reduce the early stage of software development details of the process, reducing the complexity of customized RUP. To the fifth step, and then broken down into traditional documents RUP artifacts to take advantage of the workflow aspects of RUP guidelines. Traditional "software-defined document" can be broken down into RUP's scope, vision and features; traditional "software requirements specifications" section to the non-functional requirements, including RUP's business rules; so.





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Friday, September 17, 2010

8848 tort compensation of the companies set up 1.16 million and made an apology


Year-long national "rogue software" --- the first case, "Baidu, Sohu, in the case of search plug-in v. 8848" finally the High Court of Final Appeal ruling in Beijing under a stop. Recently, the Beijing Morning Post High Court confirmed that the hospital has been made final, decree 8848 companies to immediately stop using the "search assistant" (English name MySearch) on Baidu, Sohu, China and three Chinese search engine, found violations, to Baidu, Sohu, China and found the compensation for economic losses 500,000, 550,000, 110,000, and its Web site home page location to the various public apology.

"Search Assistant" is the 8848 site in December 2004 to provide Internet users a free download search software, website promotion 8848, said that the software can help users more easily search the web. However, soon introduced, it was Baidu, Zhongsou, Sohu and other domestic sites have several major search engines to court.

Three search engines to install the software after users complained of, the original search results page is modified, the user will find the search results page structure and content was modified, and the emergence of 8848 insert the ads, images and other links. Sohu said, according to the installation of "search assistant" of Internet users use the "Sohu" search, the pages have risen by more than Google and other search engines, links, and the system is running slow, the page will appear with the search topic irrelevant miniature graphics, which caused dissatisfaction Sohu advertisers. The user if you want to uninstall the software must also be professional and technical personnel, are usually normal in terms of software, ranging between the virus and the "rogue software."

After trial, the Beijing First Intermediate People's Court accepted the prosecution and three reasons for Baidu, and last year in December 8848 to stop infringement of First Instance ruling, decision 8848 to Baidu, Sohu, China and found the compensation for economic losses 500,000, 550,000, 110,000 . 8848 Appeal, non-payment of compensation, and appeal.

During the trial, the 8848 companies that "search assistant" is only a secondary search engine software, search results page after the installation is different is to make it easier for users to find information more quickly, add a similar picture in picture function there is no copyright infringement.

Meanwhile, 8848 also stated that "search assistant" is provided free of charge to users, customers may voluntarily choose to install the software. The software not only did not damage the interests of the plaintiff, but also enhances the function of search engines plaintiff is a mutual benefit and win-win behavior. In addition, they did not pass the "search assistant" Publish any advertising, so there is no unfair competition.

Beijing High Court of Final Appeal that the defendant unauthorized use of the "Search Assistant" software, resulting in the Baidu page on your visitors can easily visit the 8848 website and the websites, easy to lead or take away the search engine Baidu and other visitors at the same time easily lead to the site system running slow, constitute unfair competition in the several companies, so to maintain the first instance ruling.

As the domestic Internet industry, "rogue software" flooding, not only reduces the user's "surfing experience" will be in the user's knowledge of the case, the harm to the user, so the case has caused uproar in the domestic Internet, but also been recognized as national "rogue software" the first case. Well-known anti-virus software company Kingsoft has also recently published "Network Security Report 2005," said the rogue software harm even beyond the traditional virus, becoming the biggest threat to Internet security.

The industry believes that this decision has important significance of the demonstration, from the law explicitly states that "rogue software" of the offense, also called on more companies and individuals to stand up and sue "rogue software" and use legal means to protect their own interests.






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Wednesday, August 4, 2010

Media Relations Public Relations Manager, how to protect journalists



Many media company's public relations manager in communication with the general a "temporary hold foot brush" phenomenon. Release or there are information needs of public relations in times of crisis will think to look for journalists to help, during times of very little contact with journalists or media. Even when a reporter interview requests, when the initiative will try to refuse. This has two consequences, first, each time for a message and a message, news value is low. Journalists write the manuscript also generally only bone not the meat. Second, the lack of relationship with the press of daily maintenance, is often difficult to find, "Mr. Key," had forced commissioned by public relations firms or layers of friends, public relations, too, the effect worse.

How, then, to maintain interaction with journalists do, the following points should be met.

1, to reporters classification, the core culture's circle.

2, to maintain the supply of daily information, a staff reporter.

3, the industry experts, journalists willing to communicate with you.

4, reporter's interview request timely feedback.

5, doing the work behind

To reporters classification, training the core's circle

Identify and cultivate key press is to raise the quality and efficiency of media access important way.

Journalists can be divided into the following one is reusable. They are true friends of the nature of man. And you have a good personal friend, and have long-term business contacts. Sometimes, the enterprise or the business leaders at an early stage and this part of the press to maintain good relations, their first image of the enterprise spread a lot of effort. This part of the press in general, will feel the media public relations manager for enterprise and I have certain obligations. Normally, companies where the urban areas of expertise of local journalists and the earliest reports of enterprises involved in national and professional media in this category. As the journalist must ensure that the mouth of the news channels article, so they are generally happy with their Article I of the enterprises to maintain a good relationship.

Second, you can use, but not trust the press. This part of Article I's are generally not professional journalists, they are often in a rush of major news occurs, will come looking for news tips. For them, the company is to provide news material base.

A third reporter is untouchable. This reporter interviewed the general hope for their own gain any form of substantial interest, aim, if not meet, they play a counter-rake, transforming itself into a specialist just to expose shady business people.

The fourth is to safeguard the nature of the press, they are generally older, are veterans in the newspaper in the level of character, but the vast intercourse. Public relations manager for a medium, the master must own the press clearly divided, then the first and fourth categories are the journalists focus on relationship maintenance. Reporters on the third category, mainly Zeyi hide. Media, public relations manager must keep in mind that her own work openly, on the one hand there are news reporters need to provide material resources, on the other hand to promote the enterprise image. Not say that the media and public relations managers is the need for journalists in secret transactions, therefore, reveals a certain desire on the press, especially the initiative to cover the requirements of the feature page newspaper editors must be vigilant to avoid the last.

In my form's relationship, there is a special column to fill, "it feels the company's obligation." In fact, a real public relations manager with the business and maintain good relations with media reporters often feel a certain sense of obligation, and has a special purpose or "chance meeting" type of reporter were not.

To maintain the supply of daily information

Reporters, if maintaining a certain source of news and information is very important to be with. Media, public relations manager of an enterprise in fact fully capable to do this. An enterprise's human, financial, property, import and sale, storage, all aspects and all areas every day that a variety of novelty. These events may appear from the propaganda of the corporate image to help is not great, but after all you can tap into one of the news value, so if there are dedicated staff to refine every day, while providing to the press, long-term adherence, the effect will be quite good .

Work practice, I always arranged for staff to update the company web site news, and the company's internal publications to give reporters the first time, we even created a special public mailbox, everyone's long-term ties have mail password, a send up of news on real-time. In this way, I establish a routine with reporters communication mechanism, so that reporters feel that in everyday life, there is a people and companies often misses them, and they have passed this way, get to know business, and started to pay attention the development of enterprises, so that the enterprise has a good impression. The most important thing is, I let them feel that this was not designed to allow enterprises to get more publicity the news, we just try to provide material for journalists.

In fact, many companies and industry research report data, are not journalists, for markets and products, and reporters are not as familiar within the industry, giving them time and provide them with Suoxu whilst the Image Communication of benefit to the company information, can be on the formation of very effective to help reporters. In general, a large number of consumer-impact events, significant impact on the industry events, employees happen to the social significance of the events of general concern to all journalists of.

Allow themselves to be experts in the industry

A professional medium for public relations managers should be experts in the industry. You should own your industry marketing company, products, technology, brands and other related knowledge and interest in a wide enough to grasp, even competitors, are very familiar with the upstream and downstream industries, allow themselves to be an information repository and database. Let's find you have to communicate the value, can give his thoughts and articles to provide some reference. Now, I have contacted many reporters in the field of articles for Household Appliances, would think of me as interviews with industry experts, and even they will introduce their friends or colleagues in similar topics to do when asked for my observations or interviews related to . Way through the clock, we maintain a very good relationship. Of course, note that the identity of any expert is not allowed at liberty to reveal confidential business enterprises, of course, must maintain an objective attitude in the face of competitors and partners. If you sometimes feel as disclosed is not suitable, then do not forget to told your reporter must take "an industry expert who requested anonymity," as to the best source for your statement.

Feedback

Requirements of the reporters have to do an interview with the positive response, regardless of their coverage is positive or negative.

If it is a strange request an interview with journalists there, then as head of the company's media public relations issue should be the first time thanks to companies and individuals, and expressed hope that the desire to establish long-term cooperation. In addition, negative news coverage of the communication through the press, we can learn to do is press coverage of the starting point for the individual or behind the high-level editing, and media factors.杩欐牱鎴戜滑鍙互鍋氬埌鏈夌殑鏀剧煝锛屼互鏈?揩鐨勯?搴﹁繘琛屽嵄鏈哄叕鍏炽?

銆??鍋氬仛鑳屽悗鐨勫伐浣?br />
銆??寤虹珛涓庡獟浣撶紪杈戙?鏂伴椈閮ㄤ富浠讳箖鑷虫姤绀惧叾浠栭珮灞傞瀵肩殑宸ヤ綔鍏崇郴銆備細瀵瑰獟浠嬪叕鍏崇粡鐞嗘棩甯稿伐浣滅殑寮?睍姣旇緝鏈夊埄銆傚喅瀹氭柊闂荤浠跺浣曞彂琛ㄧ殑骞朵笉鏄鑰呮湰浜猴紝杩樻湁璁拌?鑳屽悗鐨勫叾浠栦汉鍛樼殑宸ヤ綔锛屼粬浠厖褰撶潃鏇翠负涓ュ帀鐨勬妸鍏充汉鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ?鑰屼笖锛岀浉瀵硅?瑷?紝濯掍綋缂栬緫銆佹柊闂婚儴闂ㄨ矗浠讳汉鐨勬柊闂绘剰璇嗘瘮鏅?璁拌?鏈夋洿楂樼殑淇吇锛岄?杩囦笌浠栦滑鐨勪氦娴侊紝涓?柟闈㈠彲浠ヤ负璁拌?鍙戠鍒涢?鏇翠负鏈夊埄鐨勫眬闈紝鍙︿竴鏂归潰涔熷彲浠ヨ幏鍙栨洿澶氱殑寤鸿鍜屾寚瀵笺?

銆??褰撶劧锛屽湪涓庡獟浣撲繚鎸佸叧绯荤殑杩囩▼涓紝蹇呴』鍋氬埌缁嗚嚧銆佹湁搴忋?鎴戜滑瀹屽叏鍙互閲囩敤閲忓寲鐨勬柟寮忚繘琛屽伐浣溿?鎴戠殑鍛樺伐鐨勮鑰呭叧绯昏〃鏍间腑锛屽涓?簺鐗规畩鐨勬棩瀛愶紝姣斿璁拌?鐨勭敓鏃ャ?缁撳绾康鏃ラ兘鏈夊緢鏄庣‘鐨勬爣璁帮紝涓?簺寰堝皬鐨勭粏鑺傞兘鍙互涓轰綘鐨勫叧绯荤淮鎶ゅ仛鍑哄緢澶х殑甯姪銆?005骞村姵鍔ㄨ妭鏈熼棿锛屽崡浜棩鎶ラ泦鍥笅灞炵殑鍗椾含鏃ユ姤銆佹睙鑻忓晢鎶ャ?閲戦櫟鏅氭姤绛夊嚑瀹舵姤绾稿悓鏃舵惉杩佸埌鏂扮殑鎶ヤ笟澶у帵锛?鏈?鏃ワ紝鎴戜滑涓烘瘡涓?釜鐔熸倝鐨勮鑰呴兘閫佷笂浜嗕竴涓姳绡?鎴戜翰鑷仛鍦ㄨ姳搴楃殑渚濈淮鏌?鑺辫溅涓婅刀杩囧幓锛屽綋鍙戠幇锛岃鑰呯殑鎴块棿鍒氬垰瑁呬慨瀹屾瘯锛岃繕鏈変竴瀹氬紓鍛崇殑鏃跺?锛屾垜鍙堝畨鎺掑憳宸ョ浜屽ぉ璐拱浜嗕竴鎵瑰皬鐩嗚浇閫佸線鎶ョぞ銆傛垜浠笌杩欎釜鎶ヤ笟闆嗗洟璁拌?鐨勫叧绯讳竴鐩翠繚鎸侀潪甯稿弸濂姐?

銆??闄勫綍锛氬獟浠嬭鑰呰祫鏂欑櫥璁拌〃

銆??濮撳悕 鐢佃瘽

銆??鍑虹敓鏃ユ湡 鎬у埆

銆??韬珮--浣撻噸 鐗瑰緛

銆??瀛﹀巻--瀛︿綅-- 姣曚笟鏃堕棿 -- 鏍″悕

銆??濡傛灉娌′笂澶у锛屼粬瀵规鏄惁鏁忔劅

銆??鍐涗簨鏈嶅焦-- 閫?紞鏃剁骇鍒?br />
銆??鏄惁鍠濋厭-- 浣曠閰?-- 閲忓灏?br />
銆??濡傛灉涓嶅枬锛屾槸鍚﹀弽瀵瑰叾浠栦汉鍠濋厭

銆??鏄惁鎶界儫 鎶戒粈涔?br />
銆??鍠滄鍦ㄤ綍澶勫崍椁愬拰鏅氶 鍠滄鍝被鑿?

銆??鏄惁鍙嶅鍒汉鏇夸粬浠橀挶

銆??鍡滃ソ鍜屽ū涔?搴﹀亣涔犳儻

銆??瑙傜湅浣撹偛娲诲姩鐨勫叴瓒?-绉嶇被--

銆??鏀寔闃熷悕

銆??姹借溅绫诲瀷 浜よ皥鍏磋叮鐐?br />
銆??鍩烘湰鎬ф牸 瀹楁暀淇′话 -- 淇′话绋嬪害

銆??鐥呭彶锛岀洰鍓嶅仴搴风姸鍐?br />
銆??浣犺涓鸿璁拌?鐨勯暱杩滀釜浜虹洰鏍囨槸浠?箞

銆??浣犺涓鸿璁拌?鐨勮繎鏈熶釜浜虹洰鏍囨槸浠?箞

銆??鏀挎不涓婃槸鍚︽椿璺?-娲昏穬绋嬪害

銆??闄ゅ伐浣滀箣澶栵紝瀵逛粈涔堟湁寮虹儓鍏磋叮

銆??鍠滄鐨勬椿鍔?-鍦哄湴 浣犱笌璇ヨ鑰呬竴璧峰伐浣滈伒寰殑鏄粈涔堟牱鐨勯亾寰锋爣鍑嗘垨鐞嗚

銆??涓嶈兘涓庡叾璁ㄨ鐨勮瘽璇?br />
銆??浣犺涓轰粬鏈?叧娉ㄧ殑鏄粈涔?br />
銆??鍏充簬涓汉鐨勫叾浠栭噸瑕佷俊鎭?br />
銆??濠氬Щ鐘跺喌--鏄惁鏈夊瓙濂?閰嶅伓濮撳悕 -- 瀛愬コ濮撳悕

銆??瀹跺涵鍏朵粬鎴愬憳 瀹跺涵鍦板潃 -- 鐢佃瘽

銆??閰嶅伓骞撮緞--瀛愬コ骞撮緞 閰嶅伓鐨勬暀鑲茬姸鍐?-- 宸ヤ綔鍗曚綅

銆??瀛愬コ鐨勬暀鑲茬姸鍐?-灏辫瀛︽牎

銆??閰嶅伓鐨勫叴瓒g埍濂?br />
銆??瀛愬コ鐨勫叴瓒g埍濂?缁撳绾康鏃?br />
銆??鍏充簬鍏朵粬閲嶈淇℃伅

銆??鎵?湪濯掍綋鍚嶇О--鑱屼綅--鐢佃瘽

銆??鏈?富瑕佺殑绔炰簤瀵规墜

銆??杩欎竴琛ㄦ牸鏄牴鎹垜鍋氶攢鍞伐浣滄椂閲嶇偣瀹㈡埛璧勬枡鐧昏琛ㄤ慨鏀硅?鏉ワ紝 鍦ㄥ疄闄呭伐浣滀腑锛屼綔鐢ㄩ潪甯稿ぇ銆傚綋鐒讹紝璧勬枡鐨勬敹闆嗗繀椤诲潥鎸侀暱鏈熶笉鎳堛?







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Tuesday, July 13, 2010

Who hindered knowledge sharing?



21st century is the era of knowledge economy, in the knowledge economy, not to physical capital as the core, will be replaced by the value of knowledge. This gave birth to a new pattern of wealth distribution - who mastered the knowledge, creativity, knowledge, who will be able to gain wealth. Therefore, enterprises must accept the opportunities and challenges of knowledge, through knowledge gathering, processing, sharing and innovation, access to knowledge, the value, get to compete in the international capacity to cope with the impact of knowledge-based economy. Different knowledge and tangible assets, it has the nature of increasing returns, that the use of knowledge will not decrease the value, but the value will increase. If appropriate measures and well managed, knowledge is shared, its value will grow exponentially. If people sharing knowledge, can obtain knowledge of linear growth. So good for knowledge exchange and sharing of the gains are enormous. On the contrary, if the lack of knowledge exchange and utilization of knowledge not only can not add value, but the knowledge will become obsolete and lose value.

Therefore, in the knowledge economy, to become the pride of the times, must possess full knowledge of the use, in order to carry out on a good grasp of knowledge resources, knowledge sharing is an effective means.

Knowledge sharing refers to the individual knowledge, organizational knowledge through various means of communication is shared by other members of the organization, while, through knowledge innovation, and value-added knowledge of the organization. Only through mutual exchange of knowledge, learning, sharing can be developed, more broad range of knowledge-sharing, its use, value-added the better. Knowledge is only shared by more people, can be greater knowledge of the owner's income.

There are two types of internal knowledge: explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Refers to the so-called explicit knowledge is precise, formally expressed, with standardized, systematic knowledge of the characteristics, such as product manuals, mathematical formulas, the corporate sector facilities, as well as external market survey reports on the surface of the information, it is easy to communicate and sharing. The tacit knowledge refers to highly personal, difficult to standardize express, can not spread to other people or very difficult to disseminate knowledge, such as an expertise, market experience. Tacit knowledge is a personal creation and accumulation of long-term results, it exists in the quality of potential owners, and the owner's personality, personal experience, age, training and other factors.

Explicit knowledge relative to tacit knowledge in terms of ease of management, mainly through the code, database and other forms of knowledge sharing to achieve; while tacit knowledge is difficult to manage, their share values by the staff, cultural, psychological, social and enterprise system and other factors in its impact on the management of tacit knowledge is mainly through knowledge externalization. However, tacit knowledge, only a small part of which can be expressed in words, most of it can be felt can not be conveyed in words. For enterprise knowledge that can be liken to an iceberg floating in the sea, exposing the sea visible "tip of the iceberg" as the company's explicit knowledge, while immersed in sea water most of the company's tacit knowledge. Which can be seen through the sea ice immersed in water under sea level in a small part, can be seen as easy-to-tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, while the non-visible part of the sea is not automatically translate into significant knowledge of the tacit knowledge. Thus, internal knowledge sharing, just stay in the sharing of explicit knowledge is not enough, only to promote the flow and transformation of tacit knowledge is the realization of a truly knowledge-sharing. However, highly personal tacit knowledge sharing and can not be done automatically, but there are many obstacles.

Obstacles 1: Knowledge provider for the monopoly of tacit knowledge

The value of tacit knowledge embodied in individuals who can improve their efficiency, increase output under the same input, increase in personal income, for individual employees, the sharing of knowledge will no longer be following his own unique.

A good cook does not casually pass on to others of his cooking. Because he knows if he's cooking to impart to others, he will be more of a competitor, if the apprentice level than the master, the master who is a risk. Restaurants may be to fire him, asked his disciples to change. If he's cooking in the community spread, the restaurant's customers will be reduced, chef's income also decreased. From this simple examples can be seen, the owner of tacit knowledge out of the ownership, privilege status, dominance status of the consideration, will not initiate the dissemination of knowledge, especially when his hard-won knowledge, who can give him economic or social benefits, particularly when. Therefore, employees are often reluctant to share their knowledge with others, or unwilling to provide time and resources to support the dissemination of knowledge. In order to protect individual interests, people tend to restrict access to public dissemination of knowledge in the field, or control the spread of knowledge and sharing.

Obstacle 2: Knowledge of emotional conflict with the recipient

Reluctance to accept the recipient of knowledge from external knowledge, it is well known. In the process of using new knowledge, lack of motivation will lead to recipients of deliberately delayed, reactive, false acceptance, secretly or openly undermine the resistance of such behavior. Recipients of knowledge can not be fully effective use of external knowledge absorptive capacity and its lack of knowledge has a direct relationship. This absorptive capacity and their knowledge stock and knowledge structure. Lack of knowledge absorption capacity will limit the various departments within the enterprise to absorb knowledge, knowledge transfer will be the suspension of the initial difficulties in knowledge transfer and sharing of excuses, and to go back to the original state to go.

Disorder, 3: Knowledge provider and recipient lack of credit

According to Davenport's view, the term refers to the credit, "believe" or "trust." Mutual trust is the soul of any transaction, knowledge transfer is based on credit, not money. Lack of credit system is also difficult to tacit knowledge sharing one of the reasons. Knowledge-sharing difficulties, because the information generally is an objective fact, and knowledge of the contact or relationship stress, is subjective. The experience of every employee, on the understanding of things and their world view, values are different, their knowledge of the meaning, value and use of evaluation, it is not derived from the same view.

Obstacle 4: enjoy the organizational structure of tacit knowledge of the constraints

Tacit knowledge can only be felt, but can not explain in words, the scope of its spread is very limited and often difficult to obtain directly from the books, only in the actual work to get direct contacts. However, in the traditional institutional arrangements, staff exchange between the corresponding contact and fewer opportunities, can not be achieved face to face interactive communication. Everyone's work is limited to a narrow range of organizations, the managers of the arrangements in accordance with the work of the individual positions can not break through the constraints. The more perfect the system of enterprises, employees work more mechanization, more detailed, long-term employees by institutional constraints, their ability to work and ways of thinking to be confined to a small circle, the can not exceed, for the great sharing of tacit knowledge obstacles.

Found that the problem would solve the problem, to enable enterprises to fully share the knowledge, we must break these barriers and obstacles for the above analysis, given the appropriate countermeasures.

Strategy 1: creation of an enabling tacit knowledge sharing, human resource management mechanism

鈥?Through training, improve staff knowledge and absorptive capacity. Training is to enhance knowledge and learning from the inside to absorb and share the ability to approach. In order for employees to demand and work has grown, now many international well-known large companies, a comprehensive training program. On the one hand, flexible use of management consulting company held a public workshop; the other hand, focus on selected themes, even in charge of all internal staff for training. Through classroom learning and interaction, increase the stock of knowledge, perfect knowledge of the structure, staff knowledge and absorptive capacity, and promote knowledge sharing.

* Effective incentives to promote the sharing of tacit knowledge. Exists in the mind of tacit knowledge is considered a manifestation of personal values, and knowledge and their position in the company and close association with the treatment. Usually with their own employees while others have not yet mastered the knowledge to reflect their own values, not willing to share knowledge with others, if imparting knowledge to others, will affect the stability of their work and personal interests. Meanwhile, the formation of tacit knowledge is personal experience, perception of things and so deep-seated understanding of the long-term accumulation and creation, is the huge investment costs. Staff in the knowledge-sharing issues, benefits and compensation interests of the monopoly will be to compare, select one of the high person. In order to protect the interests of knowledge holders, businesses should develop appropriate compensation system, and made higher than the monopolistic interests of the compensation amount, with interest to drive the sharing of tacit knowledge.

* Appropriate material to encourage the creation of knowledge can play a significant role in driving force, but if such measures are used improperly, may also be counterproductive. For example: year-end bonuses only to increase sales staff to link individual performance, will stimulate enterprise unhealthy competition among sales staff. Therefore, enterprises should not be limited to assessing individual performance, but to ensure that incentive measures to maintain a target balance. These goals should include employees outside the department directly to obtain on the performance of other sectors, when the employee's interests are business performance of other sectors, companies are actually encouraging them to abandon the "mastery of knowledge is to have the power" of thinking given potential, to encourage them to share knowledge.

Strategy 2: Create conducive to tacit knowledge sharing, organizational structure

* Creating Learning Organization. Traditional corporate organizational structure is designed in accordance with the requirements of rigid implementation of management, internal communication has a very difficult gap between the level crossing, this organizational model has blocked communication between employees, to the sharing of tacit knowledge obstacle . The "learning organization" is a motivating learning through the organization to continuously acquire knowledge resources, update their knowledge and create knowledge, organizational structure, which is organized to promote learning and exchange of knowledge, give full play to the team's efficiency. This organizational structure, for excavation, exchange and sharing of tacit knowledge to create the conditions, which enable enterprises to levels of employees in the Organizational Learning face to face communicate with one another through this exchange, the unrecognized persons may have or belong to the implicit knowledge uncovered, and transmission and transfer in the organization to achieve the purpose of sharing tacit knowledge.

* The establishment of knowledge officer. In order to better knowledge sharing within the organization and management of 90 since the 20th century, some foreign enterprises have been a senior corporate management positions - CKO. CKO is responsible for the management of corporate internal and external knowledge, cultivate innovation and collective creativity. The specific responsibilities of their work: to understand the survival and development of the company's external and internal environment, to understand and discover the information needs of the company; organizations to train employees to learn, build and bring a can promote learning, accumulation, regeneration and sharing good environment; on the product market research, design, production and sales knowledge of all aspects of the collection, sorting, set up a business knowledge base, knowledge base content monitoring and ensuring the quality, depth, style, and in line with the company's development; strengthen the integration of tacit knowledge, stimulate knowledge and innovation, and promote knowledge sharing. CKO help to promote the establishment of tacit knowledge exchange and sharing.

* Set up the project team. Project team to complete a task from the set up of different areas of work of employees. Project teams in new product development play a central role in it to provide staff with a tacit knowledge-sharing environment, to enable them to interact, continued dialogue, and promote reflection. Team members through dialogue and discussion stimulate new ideas, their information will be stored together, and look from different angles, and finally unify the different views to form a new collective wisdom.

鈥?Establish Overlapping development team. Very strong in the innovation of Japanese companies, the basic principles of organizational design is overlap, that is, enterprise information, business activities and management responsibilities of the conscious overlapping, as members share overlapping information, they can understand other people to want to show the tacit knowledge. Overlapping development team to stimulate dialogue and frequent communication, help employees to form a "common knowledge base." Strategic rotation is one way to achieve overlap, particularly in and between different technical areas such as R & D and marketing rotate between different departments, strategic rotation of staff from various angles help to understand the company's business, so that tacit knowledge within the enterprise is more easily transmitted and shared.

Strategy 3: Create a conducive corporate culture of Tacit Knowledge Sharing

* Create people-oriented corporate culture. Tacit knowledge is the basis of individual employees, so should people in this perspective, the establishment of a conducive atmosphere for knowledge sharing culture, driven by the culture of knowledge sharing and innovation. For example, from time to time held by employees of small-scale exchange; to encourage collaborative relationships are not permanent employees; facilitate exchange of information on family-business atmosphere; to encourage contact between staff and other non-specific methods of work to create open, flexible, shared environment, so that employees in a very relaxed environment to solve problems and share knowledge.

鈥?Establish a corporate culture of mutual trust. Principle does not mean 100% confidence in the trust and complete loyalty. But as long as the trust as the basis for organizational culture, you can create a "virtuous circle", this virtuous cycle will be moving in the direction of sharing tacit knowledge spiral. Otherwise, it will form a "vicious circle", this vicious circle toward the direction of knowledge protection downward spiral.

鈥?Establish mechanisms to restrict monopoly of knowledge. Executive Order by the enterprise to break the monopoly of knowledge employees to form a shared mode. Should be responsible for knowledge of business investment, but the knowledge of staff employees, the income of employees with knowledge of acts of decoupling, the knowledge of individuals who have not allow owners to benefit, thus, lost the monopoly of knowledge meaning, so that you can make the tacit knowledge externalization and sharing possible.

* Encoding of tacit knowledge. Internal knowledge of coding is to be tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge exchange and sharing process. Including the preparation of quality control system of quality management manuals, work flow documents, working guidance document, records and documents. Tacit knowledge within the enterprise to maximize the visualization, so that as much tacit knowledge into easy to carry out dissemination and sharing of explicit knowledge.







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Thursday, July 8, 2010

Swift MPEG to FLV MP4



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